{ "task": "transcribe", "language": "English", "duration": 1123.656726796, "text": " Section 9 of Gray's Anatomy, Part 1. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Morgan Scorpion. Anatomy of the Human Body, Part 1, by Henry Gray. Osteology Introduction Development of the Skeleton The general framework of the body is built up mainly of a series of bones, supplemented, however, in certain regions by pieces of cartilage. The bony part of the framework constitutes the skeleton. In the skeleton of the adult there are 206 distinct bones as follows. The axial skeleton, divided into the vertebral column with 26 bones, the skull with 22 bones, the hyoid bone, 1, the ribs and sternum, 25, 74 bones in total. The appendicular skeleton, upper extremities with 64 bones, lower extremities with 62 bones, 126 altogether, and the auditory ossicles, 6, total of 206. The patellae are included in this enumeration, but the smaller sesamoid bones are not reckoned. Bones are divisible into four classes, long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones The long bones are found in the limbs, and each consists of a body or shaft and two extremities. The body, or diaphysis, is cylindrical, with a central cavity termed the medullary canal. the wall consists of dense compact tissue of considerable thickness in the middle part of the body but becoming thinner towards the extremities within the medullary canal is some cancellous tissue scanty in the middle of the body but greater in amount towards the ends The extremities are generally expanded for the purpose of articulation and to afford broad surfaces for muscular attachment. They are usually developed from separate centres of ossification, termed epiphysis, and consist of cancellous tissue surrounded by thin, compact bone. The medullary canal and the spaces in the cancellous tissue are filled with marrow. The long bones are not straight but curved, the curve generally taking place in two planes, thus affording greater strength to the bone. The bones belonging to this class are the clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. Short bones Where a part of the skeleton is intended for strength and compactness combined with limited movement, it is constructed of a number of short bones, as in the carpus and tarsus. These consist of cancellous tissue covered by a thin crust of compact substance. The patelli, together with the other sesamoid bones, are by some regarded as short bones. Flat bones Where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the skull and the scapula. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull. The outer one is thick and tough, the inner is thin, dense and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploe, and this, in certain regions of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air, air sinuses, between the two tables. The flat bones are the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapular, os cocci, hip bone, sternum, ribs and, according to some, the patella. Irregular bones The irregular bones are such as from their peculiar form cannot be grouped under the preceding heads They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone The irregular bones are the vertebrae sacrum coccyx temporal sphenoid ethmoid zygomatic maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. Surfaces of bones. If the surface of a bone be examined, certain eminences and depressions are seen. These eminences and depressions are of two kinds, articular and non-articular. Well-marked examples of articular eminences are found in the heads of the humerus and femur, and of articular depressions in the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the acetabulum of the hip bone. Non-articular eminences are designated according to their form. Thus a broad rough uneven elevation is called a tuberosity, protuberance or process. A small rough prominence, a tubercle. A sharp slender pointed eminence, a spine. A narrow rough elevation, running some way along the surface, a ridge, crest or line. Non-articular depressions are also a variable form and are described as foci, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches, etc. These non-articular eminences and depressions serve to increase the extent of surface for the attachment of ligaments and muscles, and are usually well marked in proportion to the musculapty of the subject. A short perforation is called a foramen, a longer passage a canal. 1. Development of the skeleton The skeleton The skeleton is of mesodermal origin and may be divided into a. that of the trunk, axial skeleton, comprising the vertebral column, skull, ribs and sternum, and b. that of the limbs, appendicular skeleton. The vertebral column The notochord is a temporary structure and forms a central axis, around which the segments of the vertebral column are developed. Note 11 In the amphioxus, the notochord persists and forms the only representative of a skeleton in that animal. It is derived from the entoderm and consists of a rod of cells which lies on the ventral aspect of the neural tube and reaches from the anterior end of the midbrain to the extremity of the tail. On either side of it is a column of paraxial mesoderm which becomes subdivided into a number of more or less cubical segments, the primitive segments. These are separated from one another by intersegmental septa and are arranged symmetrically on either side of the neural tube and notochord. To every segment a spinal nerve is distributed. At first each segment contains a central cavity, the myocoil, but this is soon filled with a core of angular and spindle-shaped cells. The cells of the segment become differentiated into three groups, which form respectively the cutis plate or dermatome, the muscle plate or myotome and the sclerotome. The cutis plate is placed on the lateral and dorsal aspect of the myocoil and from it the true skin of the corresponding segment is derived. The muscle plate is situated on the medial side of the cutis plate and furnishes the muscles of the segment. The cells of the sclerotome are largely derived from those forming the core of the myocoil and lie next to the notochord. Fusion of the individual sclerotomes in an anteroposterior direction soon takes place, and thus a continuous strand of cells, the sclerotogenous layer, is formed along the ventrolateral aspects of the neural tube. The cells of this layer proliferate rapidly, and extending medialward surround the notochord. At the same time they grow backward on the lateral aspects of the neural tube and eventually surround it, and thus the notochord and neural tube are enveloped by a continuous sheath of mesoderm. which is termed the membranous vertebral column. In this mesoderm, the original segments are still distinguishable, but each is now differentiated into two portions, an anterior, consisting of loosely arranged cells, and a posterior, of more condensed tissue. Between the two portions, the rudiment of the intervertebral fibrocartilage is laid down. Cells from the posterior mass grow into the intervals between the myotomes of the corresponding and succeeding segments, and extend both dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal extensions surround the neural tube and represent the future vertebral arch while the ventral extend into the body wall as the costal processes The hinder part of the posterior mass joins the anterior mass of the succeeding segment to form the vertebral body. Each vertebral body is therefore a composite of two segments, being formed from the posterior portion of one segment and the anterior part of that immediately behind it. The vertebral and costal arches are derivatives of the posterior part of the segment in front of the intersegmental septum with which they are associated. This stage is succeeded by that of the cartilaginous vertebral column. In the fourth week, two cartilaginous centres make their appearance, one on either side of the notochord. These extend around the notochord and form the body of the cartilaginous vertebra. A second pair of cartilaginous foci appear in the lateral parts of the vertebral bow and grow backward on either side of the neural tube to form the cartilaginous vertebral arch, and a separate cartilaginous centre appears for each costal process. By the eighth week the cartilaginous arch has fused with the body and in the fourth month the two halves of the arch are joined on the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. The spinous process is developed from the junction of the two halves of the vertebral arch. The transverse process grows out from the vertebral arch behind the costal process. In the upper cervical vertebrae a band of mesodermal tissue connects the ends of the vertebral arches across the ventral surfaces of the intervertebral fibrocartilages. This is termed the hypocordal bar or brace. In all except the first, it is transitory and disappears by fusing with the fibrocartilages. In the atlas, however, the entire bow persists and undergoes chondrification. It develops into the anterior arch of the bone, while the cartilage representing the body of the atlas forms the dens or odontoid process which fuses with the body of the second cervical vertebra. The portions of the notochord which are surrounded by the bodies of the vertebrae atrophy and ultimately disappear, while those which lie in the centres of the intervertebral fibrocartilages undergo enlargement and persist throughout life as the central nucleus pulposus of the fibrocartilages. The ribs The ribs are formed from the ventral or costal processes of the primitive vertebral bows, the process extending between the muscle plates. In the thoracic region of the vertebral column, the costal processes grow lateralward to form a series of arches, the primitive costal arches. As already described, the transverse process grows out behind the vertebral end of each arch. It is at first connected to the costal process by continuous mesoderm, but this becomes differentiated later to form the costo-transverse ligament Between the costal process and the tip of the transverse process, the costo-transverse joint is formed by absorption. The costal process becomes separated from the vertebral bow by the development of the costo-central joint. In the cervical vertebrae, the transverse process forms the posterior boundary of the foramen transversarium, while the costal process corresponding to the head and neck of the rib fuses with the body of the vertebra and forms the anterolateral boundary of the foramen. The distal portions of the primitive costal arches remain undeveloped. Occasionally, the arch of the seventh cervical vertebra undergoes greater development, and by the formation of costovertebral joints is separated off as a rib. In the lumbar region, the distal portions of the primitive costal arches fail. The proximal portions fuse with the transverse processes to form the transverse processes of descriptive anatomy. Occasionally, a movable rib is developed in connection with the first lumbar vertebra. In the sacral region, costal processes are developed only in connection with the upper three, or it may be four, vertebrae, the processes of adjacent segments fuse with one another to form the lateral part of the sacrum. The coccygeal vertebrae are devoid of costal processes. The sternum The ventral ends of the ribs become united to one another by a longitudinal bar termed the sternal plate, and opposite the first seven pairs of ribs these sternal plates fuse in the middle line to form the manubrium and body of the sternum. The xiphoid process is formed by a backward extension of the sternal plates. The skull Up to a certain age the development of the skull corresponds with that of the vertebral column, but it is modified later in association with the expansion of the brain vesicles, the formation of the organs of smell sight and hearing and the development of the mouth and pharynx The notochord extends as far forward as the anterior end of the midbrain and becomes partly surrounded by mesoderm The posterior part of this mesodermal investment corresponds with the basilar part of the occipital bone, and shows a subdivision into four segments, which are separated by the roots of the hypoglossal nerve. The mesoderm then extends over the brain vesicles, and thus the entire brain is enclosed by mesodermal investment, which is termed the membraneous cranium. From the inner layer of this, the bones of the skull and the membranes of the brain are developed. From the outer layer, the muscles, blood vessels, true skin, and subcutaneous tissues of the scalp. In the shark and dogfish, this membranous cranium undergoes complete chondrification and forms the cartilaginous skull or chondrocranium of these animals. In mammals, on the other hand, the process of chondrification is limited to the base of the skull, the roof and sides being covered in by membrane. Thus the bones of the base of the skull are preceded by cartilage, those of the roof and sides by membrane. The posterior part of the base of the skull is developed around the notochord and exhibits a segmented condition analogous to that of the vertebral column, while the anterior part arises in front of the notochord and shows no regular segmentation. The base of the skull may therefore be divided into a. a caudal or vertebral and b. a precaudal or prevertebral portion. In the lower vertebrates two pairs of cartilages are developed, viz. a pair of paracordal cartilages, one on either side of the notochord, and a pair of precordal cartilages, the trabeculi cranii, in front of the notochord. The paracordal cartilages unite to form a basilar plate from which the cartilaginous part of the occipital bone and the bassus phenoid are developed. On the lateral aspects of the paracordal cartilages the auditory vesicles are situated and the mesoderm enclosing them is soon converted into cartilage, forming the cartilaginous ear capsules. These cartilaginous ear capsules, which are of an oval shape, fuse with the sides of the basilar plate and from them arise the petrous and mastoid portions of the temporal bones. The trabeculi cranii are two curved bars of cartilage which embrace the hypophysis cerebri. Their posterior ends soon unite with the basilar plate, while their anterior ends join to form the ethmoidal plate, which extends forwards between the forebrain and the olfactory pits. Later the trabeculi meet and fuse below the hypophysis, forming the floor of the fossa hypophysios and so cutting off the anterior lobe of the hyperfaces from the stomodium. The median part of the ethmoidal plate forms the bony and cartilaginous parts of the nasal septum. From the lateral margins of the trabeculae cranii, three processes grow out on either side. The anterior forms the ethmoidal labyrinth and the lateral and alar cartilages of the nose. The middle gives rise to the small wing of the sphenoid, while from the posterior the great wing and lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid are developed. The bones of the vault are of membranous formation and are termed dermal or covering bones. They are partly developed from the mesoderm of the membranous cranium and partly from that which lies outside the entoderm of the foregut. They comprise the upper part of the occipital squamous, interparietal, the squamous and tympanic parts of the temporals, the parietals, the frontal, the vomer, the medial pterygoid plates and the bones of the face. Some of them remain distinct throughout life, e.g. parietal and frontal, while others join with the bones of the chondrocranium, e.g. interparietal, scrum eye of the temporals and medial pterygoid plates. Recent observations have shown that, in mammals, the bassocranial cartilage, both in the caudal and precordal regions of the base of the skull, is developed as a single plate which extends from behind forward. In man, however, its posterior part shows an indication of being developed from two contifying centres which fuse rapidly in front and below. The anterior and posterior thirds of the cartilage surround the notochord, but its middle third lies on the dorsal aspect of the notochord, which in this region is placed between the cartilage and the wall of the pharynx. End of section 9 I don't know.", "segments": [ { "id": 0, "seek": 0, "start": 0, "end": 3.46, "text": " Section 9 of Gray's Anatomy, Part 1.", "tokens": [ 50365, 21804, 1722, 295, 22668, 311, 42628, 8488, 11, 4100, 502, 13, 50538 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.23051125, "compression_ratio": 1.4886364, "no_speech_prob": 0.27001953 }, { "id": 1, "seek": 0, "start": 4.68, "end": 9.82, "text": " This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.", "tokens": [ 50599, 639, 307, 257, 15834, 470, 53, 5230, 6613, 13, 1057, 15834, 470, 53, 5230, 25162, 366, 294, 264, 1908, 9274, 13, 50856 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.23051125, "compression_ratio": 1.4886364, "no_speech_prob": 0.27001953 }, { "id": 2, "seek": 0, "start": 10.84, "end": 15.7, "text": " For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org.", "tokens": [ 50907, 1171, 544, 1589, 420, 281, 13835, 11, 1767, 3441, 15834, 470, 53, 5230, 13, 4646, 13, 51150 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.23051125, "compression_ratio": 1.4886364, "no_speech_prob": 0.27001953 }, { "id": 3, "seek": 0, "start": 16.56, "end": 19.38, "text": " Recording by Morgan Scorpion.", "tokens": [ 51193, 9647, 3357, 538, 16724, 38814, 313, 13, 51334 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.23051125, "compression_ratio": 1.4886364, "no_speech_prob": 0.27001953 }, { "id": 4, "seek": 0, "start": 21.06, "end": 24.199999, "text": " Anatomy of the Human Body, Part 1, by Henry Gray.", "tokens": [ 51418, 42628, 8488, 295, 264, 10294, 21329, 11, 4100, 502, 11, 538, 11085, 22668, 13, 51575 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.23051125, "compression_ratio": 1.4886364, "no_speech_prob": 0.27001953 }, { "id": 5, "seek": 2420, "start": 24.199999, "end": 27.98, "text": " Osteology", "tokens": [ 50365, 422, 2941, 1793, 50554 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 6, "seek": 2420, "start": 27.98, "end": 29.159998, "text": " Introduction", "tokens": [ 50554, 27193, 882, 50613 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 7, "seek": 2420, "start": 29.159998, "end": 31.119999, "text": " Development of the Skeleton", "tokens": [ 50613, 15041, 295, 264, 32344, 14806, 50711 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 8, "seek": 2420, "start": 31.119999, "end": 36.699997, "text": " The general framework of the body is built up mainly of a series of bones,", "tokens": [ 50711, 440, 2674, 8388, 295, 264, 1772, 307, 3094, 493, 8704, 295, 257, 2638, 295, 10491, 11, 50990 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 9, "seek": 2420, "start": 37.18, "end": 40.579998, "text": " supplemented, however, in certain regions by pieces of cartilage.", "tokens": [ 51014, 15436, 292, 11, 4461, 11, 294, 1629, 10682, 538, 3755, 295, 5467, 48066, 13, 51184 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 10, "seek": 2420, "start": 41.079998, "end": 44.039997, "text": " The bony part of the framework constitutes the skeleton.", "tokens": [ 51209, 440, 272, 2526, 644, 295, 264, 8388, 44204, 264, 25204, 13, 51357 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 11, "seek": 2420, "start": 44.039997, "end": 50.039997, "text": " In the skeleton of the adult there are 206 distinct bones as follows.", "tokens": [ 51357, 682, 264, 25204, 295, 264, 5075, 456, 366, 945, 21, 10644, 10491, 382, 10002, 13, 51657 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.17550969, "compression_ratio": 1.5637255, "no_speech_prob": 0.12573242 }, { "id": 12, "seek": 5004, "start": 50.039997, "end": 66.42, "text": " The axial skeleton, divided into the vertebral column with 26 bones, the skull with 22 bones, the hyoid bone, 1, the ribs and sternum, 25, 74 bones in total.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 46851, 25204, 11, 6666, 666, 264, 16167, 32728, 7738, 365, 7551, 10491, 11, 264, 11743, 365, 5853, 10491, 11, 264, 2477, 17079, 9026, 11, 502, 11, 264, 21400, 293, 38312, 449, 11, 3552, 11, 28868, 10491, 294, 3217, 13, 51184 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16588664, "compression_ratio": 1.338983, 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295, 19508, 3774, 11, 1433, 292, 2388, 24595, 4642, 11, 293, 4603, 295, 19114, 563, 12404, 13221, 538, 5862, 11, 14679, 9026, 13, 51240 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13117193, "compression_ratio": 1.6666666, "no_speech_prob": 0.0019283295 }, { "id": 22, "seek": 13098, "start": 149.37999, "end": 153.54, "text": " The medullary canal and the spaces in the cancellous tissue are filled with marrow.", "tokens": [ 51285, 440, 1205, 858, 822, 9911, 293, 264, 7673, 294, 264, 19114, 563, 12404, 366, 6412, 365, 47739, 13, 51493 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13117193, "compression_ratio": 1.6666666, "no_speech_prob": 0.0019283295 }, { "id": 23, "seek": 15354, "start": 153.54, "end": 162.65999, "text": " The long bones are not straight but curved, the curve generally taking place in two planes, thus affording greater strength to the bone.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 938, 10491, 366, 406, 2997, 457, 24991, 11, 264, 7605, 5101, 1940, 1081, 294, 732, 14952, 11, 8807, 2096, 3357, 5044, 3800, 281, 264, 9026, 13, 50821 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14070497, "compression_ratio": 1.5801105, "no_speech_prob": 0.06185913 }, { "id": 24, "seek": 15354, "start": 163.65999, "end": 166.01999, "text": " The bones belonging to this class are", "tokens": [ 50871, 440, 10491, 22957, 281, 341, 1508, 366, 50989 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14070497, "compression_ratio": 1.5801105, "no_speech_prob": 0.06185913 }, { "id": 25, "seek": 15354, "start": 166.01999, "end": 176.29999, "text": " the clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges.", "tokens": [ 50989, 264, 596, 706, 3520, 11, 1484, 37287, 11, 15845, 11, 20352, 629, 11, 4010, 374, 11, 256, 897, 654, 11, 13116, 3780, 11, 1131, 326, 6529, 1124, 11, 1131, 267, 685, 1124, 293, 903, 304, 10350, 13, 51503 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14070497, "compression_ratio": 1.5801105, "no_speech_prob": 0.06185913 }, { "id": 26, "seek": 15354, "start": 178.26, "end": 179.04, "text": " Short bones", "tokens": [ 51601, 16881, 10491, 51640 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14070497, "compression_ratio": 1.5801105, "no_speech_prob": 0.06185913 }, { "id": 27, "seek": 17904, "start": 179.04, "end": 184.7, "text": " Where a part of the skeleton is intended for strength and compactness combined with limited movement,", "tokens": [ 50365, 2305, 257, 644, 295, 264, 25204, 307, 10226, 337, 3800, 293, 14679, 1287, 9354, 365, 5567, 3963, 11, 50648 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15852547, "compression_ratio": 1.6543779, "no_speech_prob": 0.018554688 }, { "id": 28, "seek": 17904, "start": 185.28, "end": 189.78, "text": " it is constructed of a number of short bones, as in the carpus and tarsus.", "tokens": [ 50677, 309, 307, 17083, 295, 257, 1230, 295, 2099, 10491, 11, 382, 294, 264, 26103, 301, 293, 256, 685, 301, 13, 50902 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15852547, "compression_ratio": 1.6543779, "no_speech_prob": 0.018554688 }, { "id": 29, "seek": 17904, "start": 190.7, "end": 195.65999, "text": " These consist of cancellous tissue covered by a thin crust of compact substance.", "tokens": [ 50948, 1981, 4603, 295, 19114, 563, 12404, 5343, 538, 257, 5862, 18156, 295, 14679, 12961, 13, 51196 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15852547, "compression_ratio": 1.6543779, "no_speech_prob": 0.018554688 }, { "id": 30, "seek": 17904, "start": 196.65999, "end": 203.09999, "text": " The patelli, together with the other sesamoid bones, are by some regarded as short bones.", "tokens": [ 51246, 440, 280, 10810, 72, 11, 1214, 365, 264, 661, 5385, 10502, 327, 10491, 11, 366, 538, 512, 26047, 382, 2099, 10491, 13, 51568 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15852547, "compression_ratio": 1.6543779, "no_speech_prob": 0.018554688 }, { "id": 31, "seek": 17904, "start": 204.7, "end": 205.51999, "text": " Flat bones", "tokens": [ 51648, 36172, 10491, 51689 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15852547, "compression_ratio": 1.6543779, "no_speech_prob": 0.018554688 }, { "id": 32, "seek": 20552, "start": 205.51999, "end": 212.31999, "text": " Where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment,", "tokens": [ 50365, 2305, 264, 9716, 11695, 307, 2139, 13246, 6334, 420, 264, 17225, 295, 4152, 16130, 337, 31641, 19431, 11, 50705 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118649855, "compression_ratio": 1.7449393, "no_speech_prob": 0.04815674 }, { "id": 33, "seek": 20552, "start": 212.98, "end": 217.76, "text": " the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the skull and the scapula.", "tokens": [ 50738, 264, 10491, 366, 14342, 666, 4152, 11, 4962, 14231, 11, 382, 294, 264, 11743, 293, 264, 4216, 79, 3780, 13, 50977 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118649855, "compression_ratio": 1.7449393, "no_speech_prob": 0.04815674 }, { "id": 34, "seek": 20552, "start": 218.81999, "end": 225.26, "text": " These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue.", "tokens": [ 51030, 1981, 10491, 366, 18204, 295, 732, 5862, 7914, 295, 14679, 12404, 20987, 6110, 1296, 552, 257, 7006, 11275, 295, 19114, 563, 12404, 13, 51352 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118649855, "compression_ratio": 1.7449393, "no_speech_prob": 0.04815674 }, { "id": 35, "seek": 20552, "start": 226.27998, "end": 232.65999, "text": " In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull.", "tokens": [ 51403, 682, 264, 39685, 831, 10491, 11, 264, 7914, 295, 14679, 12404, 366, 4963, 356, 2570, 382, 264, 8020, 295, 264, 11743, 13, 51722 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118649855, "compression_ratio": 1.7449393, "no_speech_prob": 0.04815674 }, { "id": 36, "seek": 23266, "start": 232.65999, "end": 240.45999, "text": " The outer one is thick and tough, the inner is thin, dense and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 10847, 472, 307, 5060, 293, 4930, 11, 264, 7284, 307, 5862, 11, 18011, 293, 49325, 11, 293, 16678, 307, 1433, 292, 264, 9467, 265, 563, 3199, 13, 50755 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13958448, "compression_ratio": 1.6521739, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 37, "seek": 23266, "start": 241.33998, "end": 253.07999, "text": " The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploe, and this, in certain regions of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air, air sinuses, between the two tables.", "tokens": [ 50799, 440, 17104, 278, 19114, 563, 12404, 307, 1219, 264, 11432, 7921, 11, 293, 341, 11, 294, 1629, 10682, 295, 264, 11743, 11, 3643, 20799, 370, 382, 281, 1856, 7673, 6412, 365, 1988, 11, 1988, 3343, 8355, 11, 1296, 264, 732, 8020, 13, 51386 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13958448, "compression_ratio": 1.6521739, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 38, "seek": 25308, "start": 253.08, "end": 267.24, "text": " The flat bones are the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapular, os cocci, hip bone, sternum, ribs and, according to some, the patella.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 4962, 10491, 366, 264, 10409, 11371, 1686, 11, 971, 1684, 304, 11, 34647, 11, 41575, 11, 28027, 5565, 304, 11, 10135, 260, 11, 4216, 79, 1040, 11, 3003, 21047, 537, 11, 8103, 9026, 11, 38312, 449, 11, 21400, 293, 11, 4650, 281, 512, 11, 264, 280, 473, 3505, 13, 51073 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.12221969, "compression_ratio": 1.6574074, "no_speech_prob": 0.0592041 }, { "id": 39, "seek": 25308, "start": 268.98, "end": 270.02, "text": " Irregular bones", "tokens": [ 51160, 9151, 26713, 10491, 51212 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.12221969, "compression_ratio": 1.6574074, "no_speech_prob": 0.0592041 }, { "id": 40, "seek": 275, "start": 270.02, "end": 291.3461, "text": " The irregular bones are such as from their peculiar form cannot be grouped under the preceding heads They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone The irregular bones are the vertebrae sacrum coccyx temporal sphenoid ethmoid zygomatic", "tokens": [ 51212, 440, 29349, 10491, 366, 1270, 382, 11, 490, 641, 27149, 1254, 11, 2644, 312, 41877, 833, 264, 16969, 278, 8050, 13, 51558, 51604, 814, 4603, 295, 19114, 563, 12404, 42089, 1951, 257, 5862, 4583, 295, 14679, 9026, 13, 50690, 50740, 440, 29349, 10491, 366, 264, 16167, 6198, 68, 11, 4899, 6247, 11, 21047, 1344, 87, 11, 30881, 11, 637, 2932, 17079, 11, 6468, 3280, 327, 11, 710, 18103, 13143, 11, 51133 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118625276, "compression_ratio": 1.5822222, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 41, "seek": 275, "start": 291.86612, "end": 299.5461, "text": " maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. Surfaces of bones.", "tokens": [ 51159, 11469, 5291, 11, 7411, 964, 11, 3984, 267, 533, 11, 24249, 41575, 416, 4413, 11, 293, 2477, 17079, 13, 43124, 2116, 295, 10491, 13, 51543 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118625276, "compression_ratio": 1.5822222, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 42, "seek": 275, "start": 299.5461, "end": 305.4461, "text": " If the surface of a bone be examined, certain eminences and depressions are seen.", "tokens": [ 51543, 759, 264, 3753, 295, 257, 9026, 312, 30972, 11, 1629, 846, 259, 2667, 293, 44248, 626, 366, 1612, 13, 51838 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.118625276, "compression_ratio": 1.5822222, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 43, "seek": 3275, "start": 305.9861, "end": 311.46613, "text": " These eminences and depressions are of two kinds, articular and non-articular.", "tokens": [ 50365, 1981, 846, 259, 2667, 293, 44248, 626, 366, 295, 732, 3685, 11, 1523, 14646, 293, 2107, 12, 446, 14646, 13, 50639 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13027225, "compression_ratio": 1.8154507, "no_speech_prob": 0.0003633499 }, { "id": 44, "seek": 3275, "start": 312.4861, "end": 317.42612, "text": " Well-marked examples of articular eminences are found in the heads of the humerus and femur,", "tokens": [ 50690, 1042, 12, 5638, 292, 5110, 295, 1523, 14646, 846, 259, 2667, 366, 1352, 294, 264, 8050, 295, 264, 1484, 37287, 293, 4010, 374, 11, 50937 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13027225, "compression_ratio": 1.8154507, "no_speech_prob": 0.0003633499 }, { "id": 45, "seek": 3275, "start": 317.8861, "end": 323.4861, "text": " and of articular depressions in the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the acetabulum of the hip bone.", "tokens": [ 50960, 293, 295, 1523, 14646, 44248, 626, 294, 264, 1563, 5808, 327, 32425, 295, 264, 4216, 79, 3780, 293, 264, 37848, 455, 11560, 295, 264, 8103, 9026, 13, 51240 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13027225, "compression_ratio": 1.8154507, "no_speech_prob": 0.0003633499 }, { "id": 46, "seek": 3275, "start": 324.2661, "end": 327.6261, "text": " Non-articular eminences are designated according to their form.", "tokens": [ 51279, 8774, 12, 446, 14646, 846, 259, 2667, 366, 21688, 4650, 281, 641, 1254, 13, 51447 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13027225, "compression_ratio": 1.8154507, "no_speech_prob": 0.0003633499 }, { "id": 47, "seek": 3275, "start": 328.6061, "end": 334.2261, "text": " Thus a broad rough uneven elevation is called a tuberosity, protuberance or process.", "tokens": [ 51496, 13827, 257, 4152, 5903, 34022, 25827, 307, 1219, 257, 39847, 20373, 11, 1742, 10261, 719, 420, 1399, 13, 51777 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13027225, "compression_ratio": 1.8154507, "no_speech_prob": 0.0003633499 }, { "id": 48, "seek": 6099, "start": 334.2261, "end": 337.46613, "text": " A small rough prominence, a tubercle.", "tokens": [ 50365, 316, 1359, 5903, 39225, 655, 11, 257, 39847, 2160, 13, 50527 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15210007, "compression_ratio": 1.5854923, "no_speech_prob": 0.11279297 }, { "id": 49, "seek": 6099, "start": 338.36612, "end": 341.0461, "text": " A sharp slender pointed eminence, a spine.", "tokens": [ 50572, 316, 8199, 1061, 3216, 10932, 846, 259, 655, 11, 257, 15395, 13, 50706 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15210007, "compression_ratio": 1.5854923, "no_speech_prob": 0.11279297 }, { "id": 50, "seek": 6099, "start": 342.02612, "end": 347.92612, "text": " A narrow rough elevation, running some way along the surface, a ridge, crest or line.", "tokens": [ 50755, 316, 9432, 5903, 25827, 11, 2614, 512, 636, 2051, 264, 3753, 11, 257, 34651, 11, 43799, 420, 1622, 13, 51050 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15210007, "compression_ratio": 1.5854923, "no_speech_prob": 0.11279297 }, { "id": 51, "seek": 6099, "start": 348.90613, "end": 352.52612, "text": " Non-articular depressions are also a variable form and are described as", "tokens": [ 51099, 8774, 12, 446, 14646, 44248, 626, 366, 611, 257, 7006, 1254, 293, 366, 7619, 382, 51280 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15210007, "compression_ratio": 1.5854923, "no_speech_prob": 0.11279297 }, { "id": 52, "seek": 6099, "start": 352.52612, "end": 358.3261, "text": " foci, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches, etc.", "tokens": [ 51280, 726, 537, 11, 40312, 11, 44248, 626, 11, 49359, 11, 2687, 28251, 11, 283, 891, 1303, 11, 406, 3781, 11, 5183, 13, 51570 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15210007, "compression_ratio": 1.5854923, "no_speech_prob": 0.11279297 }, { "id": 53, "seek": 8509, "start": 358.3261, "end": 369.90613, "text": " These non-articular eminences and depressions serve to increase the extent of surface for the attachment of ligaments and muscles, and are usually well marked in proportion to the musculapty of the subject.", "tokens": [ 50365, 1981, 2107, 12, 446, 14646, 846, 259, 2667, 293, 44248, 626, 4596, 281, 3488, 264, 8396, 295, 3753, 337, 264, 19431, 295, 11742, 28401, 293, 9530, 11, 293, 366, 2673, 731, 12658, 294, 16068, 281, 264, 1038, 2444, 569, 874, 295, 264, 3983, 13, 50944 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.18085417, "compression_ratio": 1.5665025, "no_speech_prob": 0.04812622 }, { "id": 54, "seek": 8509, "start": 370.64612, "end": 374.92612, "text": " A short perforation is called a foramen, a longer passage a canal.", "tokens": [ 50981, 316, 2099, 680, 2994, 399, 307, 1219, 257, 337, 22403, 11, 257, 2854, 11497, 257, 9911, 13, 51195 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.18085417, "compression_ratio": 1.5665025, "no_speech_prob": 0.04812622 }, { "id": 55, "seek": 8509, "start": 376.42612, "end": 378.3261, "text": " 1. Development of the skeleton", "tokens": [ 51270, 502, 13, 15041, 295, 264, 25204, 51365 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.18085417, "compression_ratio": 1.5665025, "no_speech_prob": 0.04812622 }, { "id": 56, "seek": 8509, "start": 378.3261, "end": 380.2661, "text": " The skeleton", "tokens": [ 51365, 440, 25204, 51462 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.18085417, "compression_ratio": 1.5665025, "no_speech_prob": 0.04812622 }, { "id": 57, "seek": 10703, "start": 380.2661, "end": 395.2661, "text": " The skeleton is of mesodermal origin and may be divided into a. that of the trunk, axial skeleton, comprising the vertebral column, skull, ribs and sternum, and b. that of the limbs, appendicular skeleton.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 25204, 307, 295, 3813, 378, 966, 304, 4957, 293, 815, 312, 6666, 666, 257, 13, 300, 295, 264, 19849, 11, 46851, 25204, 11, 16802, 3436, 264, 16167, 32728, 7738, 11, 11743, 11, 21400, 293, 38312, 449, 11, 293, 272, 13, 300, 295, 264, 29315, 11, 34116, 14646, 25204, 13, 51115 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1326707, "compression_ratio": 1.7136151, "no_speech_prob": 0.04336548 }, { "id": 58, "seek": 10703, "start": 396.4861, "end": 397.4861, "text": " The vertebral column", "tokens": [ 51176, 440, 16167, 32728, 7738, 51226 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1326707, "compression_ratio": 1.7136151, "no_speech_prob": 0.04336548 }, { "id": 59, "seek": 10703, "start": 397.4861, "end": 405.1661, "text": " The notochord is a temporary structure and forms a central axis, around which the segments of the vertebral column are developed.", "tokens": [ 51226, 440, 406, 8997, 765, 307, 257, 13413, 3877, 293, 6422, 257, 5777, 10298, 11, 926, 597, 264, 19904, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 7738, 366, 4743, 13, 51610 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1326707, "compression_ratio": 1.7136151, "no_speech_prob": 0.04336548 }, { "id": 60, "seek": 10703, "start": 405.5661, "end": 406.3261, "text": " Note 11", "tokens": [ 51630, 11633, 2975, 51668 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1326707, "compression_ratio": 1.7136151, "no_speech_prob": 0.04336548 }, { "id": 61, "seek": 13309, "start": 406.3261, "end": 412.8261, "text": " In the amphioxus, the notochord persists and forms the only representative of a skeleton in that animal.", "tokens": [ 50365, 682, 264, 40077, 13973, 301, 11, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 868, 1751, 293, 6422, 264, 787, 12424, 295, 257, 25204, 294, 300, 5496, 13, 50690 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.12063068, "compression_ratio": 1.7413127, "no_speech_prob": 0.026748657 }, { "id": 62, "seek": 13309, "start": 413.3261, "end": 420.92612, "text": " It is derived from the entoderm and consists of a rod of cells which lies on the ventral aspect of the neural tube", "tokens": [ 50715, 467, 307, 18949, 490, 264, 948, 378, 966, 293, 14689, 295, 257, 8685, 295, 5438, 597, 9134, 322, 264, 6931, 2155, 4171, 295, 264, 18161, 9917, 51095 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.12063068, "compression_ratio": 1.7413127, "no_speech_prob": 0.026748657 }, { "id": 63, "seek": 13309, "start": 420.92612, "end": 425.0661, "text": " and reaches from the anterior end of the midbrain to the extremity of the tail.", "tokens": [ 51095, 293, 14235, 490, 264, 22272, 917, 295, 264, 2062, 6198, 259, 281, 264, 4040, 507, 295, 264, 6838, 13, 51302 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.12063068, "compression_ratio": 1.7413127, "no_speech_prob": 0.026748657 }, { "id": 64, "seek": 13309, "start": 425.8261, "end": 434.3861, "text": " On either side of it is a column of paraxial mesoderm which becomes subdivided into a number of more or less cubical segments, the primitive segments.", "tokens": [ 51340, 1282, 2139, 1252, 295, 309, 307, 257, 7738, 295, 1690, 87, 831, 3813, 378, 966, 597, 3643, 31662, 1843, 292, 666, 257, 1230, 295, 544, 420, 1570, 10057, 804, 19904, 11, 264, 28540, 19904, 13, 51768 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.12063068, "compression_ratio": 1.7413127, "no_speech_prob": 0.026748657 }, { "id": 65, "seek": 16115, "start": 434.3861, "end": 439.8261, "text": " These are separated from one another by intersegmental septa", "tokens": [ 50365, 1981, 366, 12005, 490, 472, 1071, 538, 728, 405, 10433, 304, 23891, 64, 50637 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13570082, "compression_ratio": 1.6386554, "no_speech_prob": 0.10949707 }, { "id": 66, "seek": 16115, "start": 439.8261, "end": 444.2461, "text": " and are arranged symmetrically on either side of the neural tube and notochord.", "tokens": [ 50637, 293, 366, 18721, 14232, 27965, 984, 322, 2139, 1252, 295, 264, 18161, 9917, 293, 406, 8997, 765, 13, 50858 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13570082, "compression_ratio": 1.6386554, "no_speech_prob": 0.10949707 }, { "id": 67, "seek": 16115, "start": 445.1661, "end": 447.52612, "text": " To every segment a spinal nerve is distributed.", "tokens": [ 50904, 1407, 633, 9469, 257, 28022, 16355, 307, 12631, 13, 51022 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13570082, "compression_ratio": 1.6386554, "no_speech_prob": 0.10949707 }, { "id": 68, "seek": 16115, "start": 448.70612, "end": 452.7461, "text": " At first each segment contains a central cavity, the myocoil,", "tokens": [ 51081, 1711, 700, 1184, 9469, 8306, 257, 5777, 32425, 11, 264, 452, 11198, 388, 11, 51283 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13570082, "compression_ratio": 1.6386554, "no_speech_prob": 0.10949707 }, { "id": 69, "seek": 16115, "start": 453.2461, "end": 456.96613, "text": " but this is soon filled with a core of angular and spindle-shaped cells.", "tokens": [ 51308, 457, 341, 307, 2321, 6412, 365, 257, 4965, 295, 24413, 293, 44169, 306, 12, 23103, 5438, 13, 51494 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13570082, "compression_ratio": 1.6386554, "no_speech_prob": 0.10949707 }, { "id": 70, "seek": 16115, "start": 458.08612, "end": 461.6261, "text": " The cells of the segment become differentiated into three groups,", "tokens": [ 51550, 440, 5438, 295, 264, 9469, 1813, 27372, 770, 666, 1045, 3935, 11, 51727 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13570082, "compression_ratio": 1.6386554, "no_speech_prob": 0.10949707 }, { "id": 71, "seek": 18839, "start": 461.6261, "end": 468.28613, "text": " which form respectively the cutis plate or dermatome, the muscle plate or myotome and the sclerotome.", "tokens": [ 50365, 597, 1254, 25009, 264, 1723, 271, 5924, 420, 43706, 423, 11, 264, 8679, 5924, 420, 452, 310, 423, 293, 264, 795, 1918, 310, 423, 13, 50698 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.111031234, "compression_ratio": 2.097345, "no_speech_prob": 0.028884888 }, { "id": 72, "seek": 18839, "start": 469.0461, "end": 473.34613, "text": " The cutis plate is placed on the lateral and dorsal aspect of the myocoil", "tokens": [ 50736, 440, 1723, 271, 5924, 307, 7074, 322, 264, 25128, 293, 274, 830, 304, 4171, 295, 264, 452, 11198, 388, 50951 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.111031234, "compression_ratio": 2.097345, "no_speech_prob": 0.028884888 }, { "id": 73, "seek": 18839, "start": 473.34613, "end": 477.22614, "text": " and from it the true skin of the corresponding segment is derived.", "tokens": [ 50951, 293, 490, 309, 264, 2074, 3178, 295, 264, 11760, 9469, 307, 18949, 13, 51145 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.111031234, "compression_ratio": 2.097345, "no_speech_prob": 0.028884888 }, { "id": 74, "seek": 18839, "start": 478.1061, "end": 483.5061, "text": " The muscle plate is situated on the medial side of the cutis plate and furnishes the muscles of the segment.", "tokens": [ 51189, 440, 8679, 5924, 307, 30143, 322, 264, 1205, 831, 1252, 295, 264, 1723, 271, 5924, 293, 11433, 16423, 264, 9530, 295, 264, 9469, 13, 51459 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.111031234, "compression_ratio": 2.097345, "no_speech_prob": 0.028884888 }, { "id": 75, "seek": 18839, "start": 484.4461, "end": 488.8261, "text": " The cells of the sclerotome are largely derived from those forming the core of the myocoil", "tokens": [ 51506, 440, 5438, 295, 264, 795, 1918, 310, 423, 366, 11611, 18949, 490, 729, 15745, 264, 4965, 295, 264, 452, 11198, 388, 51725 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.111031234, "compression_ratio": 2.097345, "no_speech_prob": 0.028884888 }, { "id": 76, "seek": 18839, "start": 488.8261, "end": 490.86612, "text": " and lie next to the notochord.", "tokens": [ 51725, 293, 4544, 958, 281, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 13, 51827 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.111031234, "compression_ratio": 2.097345, "no_speech_prob": 0.028884888 }, { "id": 77, "seek": 21839, "start": 491.6261, "end": 496.8061, "text": " Fusion of the individual sclerotomes in an anteroposterior direction soon takes place,", "tokens": [ 50365, 36721, 295, 264, 2609, 795, 1918, 310, 18168, 294, 364, 364, 391, 404, 7096, 1973, 3513, 2321, 2516, 1081, 11, 50624 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 78, "seek": 21839, "start": 497.3061, "end": 500.8861, "text": " and thus a continuous strand of cells, the sclerotogenous layer,", "tokens": [ 50649, 293, 8807, 257, 10957, 14955, 295, 5438, 11, 264, 795, 1918, 310, 45519, 4583, 11, 50828 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 79, "seek": 21839, "start": 501.28613, "end": 504.5661, "text": " is formed along the ventrolateral aspects of the neural tube.", "tokens": [ 50848, 307, 8693, 2051, 264, 6931, 6623, 17274, 7270, 295, 264, 18161, 9917, 13, 51012 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 80, "seek": 21839, "start": 505.6061, "end": 508.14612, "text": " The cells of this layer proliferate rapidly,", "tokens": [ 51064, 440, 5438, 295, 341, 4583, 24398, 9361, 473, 12910, 11, 51191 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 81, "seek": 21839, "start": 508.6661, "end": 511.2461, "text": " and extending medialward surround the notochord.", "tokens": [ 51217, 293, 24360, 1205, 831, 1007, 6262, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 13, 51346 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 82, "seek": 21839, "start": 511.8061, "end": 515.42615, "text": " At the same time they grow backward on the lateral aspects of the neural tube", "tokens": [ 51374, 1711, 264, 912, 565, 436, 1852, 23897, 322, 264, 25128, 7270, 295, 264, 18161, 9917, 51555 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 83, "seek": 21839, "start": 515.42615, "end": 516.66614, "text": " and eventually surround it,", "tokens": [ 51555, 293, 4728, 6262, 309, 11, 51617 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 84, "seek": 21839, "start": 517.1261, "end": 521.5061, "text": " and thus the notochord and neural tube are enveloped by a continuous sheath of mesoderm.", "tokens": [ 51640, 293, 8807, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 293, 18161, 9917, 366, 33860, 292, 538, 257, 10957, 750, 998, 295, 3813, 378, 966, 13, 51859 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14585926, "compression_ratio": 1.8909775, "no_speech_prob": 0.0025119781 }, { "id": 85, "seek": 24839, "start": 521.6261, "end": 524.1061, "text": " which is termed the membranous vertebral column.", "tokens": [ 50365, 597, 307, 1433, 292, 264, 15595, 282, 563, 16167, 32728, 7738, 13, 50489 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 86, "seek": 24839, "start": 525.1461, "end": 528.28613, "text": " In this mesoderm, the original segments are still distinguishable,", "tokens": [ 50541, 682, 341, 3813, 378, 966, 11, 264, 3380, 19904, 366, 920, 20206, 712, 11, 50698 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 87, "seek": 24839, "start": 528.6261, "end": 531.1461, "text": " but each is now differentiated into two portions,", "tokens": [ 50715, 457, 1184, 307, 586, 27372, 770, 666, 732, 25070, 11, 50841 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 88, "seek": 24839, "start": 531.92615, "end": 535.2261, "text": " an anterior, consisting of loosely arranged cells,", "tokens": [ 50880, 364, 22272, 11, 33921, 295, 37966, 18721, 5438, 11, 51045 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 89, "seek": 24839, "start": 535.2261, "end": 538.1461, "text": " and a posterior, of more condensed tissue.", "tokens": [ 51045, 293, 257, 33529, 11, 295, 544, 36398, 12404, 13, 51191 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 90, "seek": 24839, "start": 539.1461, "end": 543.6261, "text": " Between the two portions, the rudiment of the intervertebral fibrocartilage is laid down.", "tokens": [ 51241, 18967, 264, 732, 25070, 11, 264, 32109, 2328, 295, 264, 728, 331, 975, 32728, 13116, 24174, 446, 48066, 307, 9897, 760, 13, 51465 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 91, "seek": 24839, "start": 544.66614, "end": 548.3661, "text": " Cells from the posterior mass grow into the intervals between the myotomes", "tokens": [ 51517, 383, 13677, 490, 264, 33529, 2758, 1852, 666, 264, 26651, 1296, 264, 452, 310, 18168, 51702 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 92, "seek": 24839, "start": 548.3661, "end": 550.8661, "text": " of the corresponding and succeeding segments,", "tokens": [ 51702, 295, 264, 11760, 293, 47912, 19904, 11, 51827 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16079697, "compression_ratio": 1.7773585, "no_speech_prob": 0.0021190643 }, { "id": 93, "seek": 27763, "start": 550.8661, "end": 556.5261, "text": " and extend both dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal extensions surround the neural tube and", "tokens": [ 50365, 293, 10101, 1293, 274, 830, 379, 293, 6931, 81, 379, 13, 440, 274, 830, 304, 25129, 6262, 264, 18161, 9917, 293, 50648 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.053707805, "compression_ratio": 1.6890244, "no_speech_prob": 0.0138549805 }, { "id": 94, "seek": 556, "start": 556.5261, "end": 567.31226, "text": " represent the future vertebral arch while the ventral extend into the body wall as the costal processes The hinder part of the posterior mass joins the anterior mass of the succeeding segment", "tokens": [ 50648, 2906, 264, 2027, 16167, 32728, 3912, 11, 1339, 264, 6931, 2155, 10101, 666, 264, 1772, 2929, 382, 264, 2063, 304, 7555, 13, 50621, 50672, 440, 276, 5669, 644, 295, 264, 33529, 2758, 24397, 264, 22272, 2758, 295, 264, 47912, 9469, 50882 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09164504, "compression_ratio": 1.9916317, "no_speech_prob": 0.012237549 }, { "id": 95, "seek": 556, "start": 567.31226, "end": 568.6922, "text": " to form the vertebral body.", "tokens": [ 50882, 281, 1254, 264, 16167, 32728, 1772, 13, 50951 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09164504, "compression_ratio": 1.9916317, "no_speech_prob": 0.012237549 }, { "id": 96, "seek": 556, "start": 569.6922, "end": 574.87225, "text": " Each vertebral body is therefore a composite of two segments, being formed from the posterior", "tokens": [ 51001, 6947, 16167, 32728, 1772, 307, 4412, 257, 25557, 295, 732, 19904, 11, 885, 8693, 490, 264, 33529, 51260 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09164504, "compression_ratio": 1.9916317, "no_speech_prob": 0.012237549 }, { "id": 97, "seek": 556, "start": 574.87225, "end": 578.6922, "text": " portion of one segment and the anterior part of that immediately behind it.", "tokens": [ 51260, 8044, 295, 472, 9469, 293, 264, 22272, 644, 295, 300, 4258, 2261, 309, 13, 51451 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09164504, "compression_ratio": 1.9916317, "no_speech_prob": 0.012237549 }, { "id": 98, "seek": 556, "start": 579.8322, "end": 584.4722, "text": " The vertebral and costal arches are derivatives of the posterior part of the segment in front", "tokens": [ 51508, 440, 16167, 32728, 293, 2063, 304, 594, 3781, 366, 33733, 295, 264, 33529, 644, 295, 264, 9469, 294, 1868, 51740 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09164504, "compression_ratio": 1.9916317, "no_speech_prob": 0.012237549 }, { "id": 99, "seek": 3306, "start": 584.4722, "end": 587.35223, "text": " of the intersegmental septum with which they are associated.", "tokens": [ 50365, 295, 264, 728, 405, 10433, 304, 23891, 449, 365, 597, 436, 366, 6615, 13, 50509 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 100, "seek": 3306, "start": 588.61224, "end": 592.37225, "text": " This stage is succeeded by that of the cartilaginous vertebral column.", "tokens": [ 50572, 639, 3233, 307, 20263, 538, 300, 295, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 16167, 32728, 7738, 13, 50760 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 101, "seek": 3306, "start": 593.35223, "end": 596.55225, "text": " In the fourth week, two cartilaginous centres make their appearance,", "tokens": [ 50809, 682, 264, 6409, 1243, 11, 732, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 30096, 652, 641, 8967, 11, 50969 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 102, "seek": 3306, "start": 596.91223, "end": 598.6522, "text": " one on either side of the notochord.", "tokens": [ 50987, 472, 322, 2139, 1252, 295, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 13, 51074 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 103, "seek": 3306, "start": 599.37225, "end": 603.2522, "text": " These extend around the notochord and form the body of the cartilaginous vertebra.", "tokens": [ 51110, 1981, 10101, 926, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 293, 1254, 264, 1772, 295, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 16167, 6198, 13, 51304 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 104, "seek": 3306, "start": 604.0722, "end": 608.79224, "text": " A second pair of cartilaginous foci appear in the lateral parts of the vertebral bow", "tokens": [ 51345, 316, 1150, 6119, 295, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 726, 537, 4204, 294, 264, 25128, 3166, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 4503, 51581 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 105, "seek": 3306, "start": 608.79224, "end": 613.35223, "text": " and grow backward on either side of the neural tube to form the cartilaginous vertebral arch,", "tokens": [ 51581, 293, 1852, 23897, 322, 2139, 1252, 295, 264, 18161, 9917, 281, 1254, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 16167, 32728, 3912, 11, 51809 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11411761, "compression_ratio": 1.9841269, "no_speech_prob": 0.00806427 }, { "id": 106, "seek": 6194, "start": 613.35223, "end": 617.2722, "text": " and a separate cartilaginous centre appears for each costal process.", "tokens": [ 50365, 293, 257, 4994, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 10093, 7038, 337, 1184, 2063, 304, 1399, 13, 50561 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09549717, "compression_ratio": 1.8884462, "no_speech_prob": 0.009132385 }, { "id": 107, "seek": 6194, "start": 618.7522, "end": 622.0922, "text": " By the eighth week the cartilaginous arch has fused with the body", "tokens": [ 50635, 3146, 264, 19495, 1243, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 3912, 575, 283, 4717, 365, 264, 1772, 50802 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09549717, "compression_ratio": 1.8884462, "no_speech_prob": 0.009132385 }, { "id": 108, "seek": 6194, "start": 622.0922, "end": 626.7722, "text": " and in the fourth month the two halves of the arch are joined on the dorsal aspect of the neural tube.", "tokens": [ 50802, 293, 294, 264, 6409, 1618, 264, 732, 38490, 295, 264, 3912, 366, 6869, 322, 264, 274, 830, 304, 4171, 295, 264, 18161, 9917, 13, 51036 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09549717, "compression_ratio": 1.8884462, "no_speech_prob": 0.009132385 }, { "id": 109, "seek": 6194, "start": 627.73224, "end": 631.8322, "text": " The spinous process is developed from the junction of the two halves of the vertebral arch.", "tokens": [ 51084, 440, 6060, 563, 1399, 307, 4743, 490, 264, 33718, 295, 264, 732, 38490, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 3912, 13, 51289 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09549717, "compression_ratio": 1.8884462, "no_speech_prob": 0.009132385 }, { "id": 110, "seek": 6194, "start": 632.5322, "end": 636.8722, "text": " The transverse process grows out from the vertebral arch behind the costal process.", "tokens": [ 51324, 440, 1145, 4308, 1399, 13156, 484, 490, 264, 16167, 32728, 3912, 2261, 264, 2063, 304, 1399, 13, 51541 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09549717, "compression_ratio": 1.8884462, "no_speech_prob": 0.009132385 }, { "id": 111, "seek": 6194, "start": 638.4522, "end": 642.23224, "text": " In the upper cervical vertebrae a band of mesodermal tissue", "tokens": [ 51620, 682, 264, 6597, 49883, 16167, 6198, 68, 257, 4116, 295, 3813, 378, 966, 304, 12404, 51809 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.09549717, "compression_ratio": 1.8884462, "no_speech_prob": 0.009132385 }, { "id": 112, "seek": 9082, "start": 642.23224, "end": 647.7522, "text": " connects the ends of the vertebral arches across the ventral surfaces of the intervertebral fibrocartilages.", "tokens": [ 50365, 16967, 264, 5314, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 594, 3781, 2108, 264, 6931, 2155, 16130, 295, 264, 728, 331, 975, 32728, 13116, 24174, 446, 388, 1660, 13, 50641 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14565311, "compression_ratio": 1.7701149, "no_speech_prob": 0.02758789 }, { "id": 113, "seek": 9082, "start": 648.6522, "end": 651.41223, "text": " This is termed the hypocordal bar or brace.", "tokens": [ 50686, 639, 307, 1433, 292, 264, 50207, 765, 304, 2159, 420, 38458, 13, 50824 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14565311, "compression_ratio": 1.7701149, "no_speech_prob": 0.02758789 }, { "id": 114, "seek": 9082, "start": 652.2722, "end": 656.81226, "text": " In all except the first, it is transitory and disappears by fusing with the fibrocartilages.", "tokens": [ 50867, 682, 439, 3993, 264, 700, 11, 309, 307, 17976, 827, 293, 25527, 538, 283, 7981, 365, 264, 13116, 24174, 446, 388, 1660, 13, 51094 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14565311, "compression_ratio": 1.7701149, "no_speech_prob": 0.02758789 }, { "id": 115, "seek": 9082, "start": 657.67224, "end": 661.6522, "text": " In the atlas, however, the entire bow persists and undergoes chondrification.", "tokens": [ 51137, 682, 264, 412, 7743, 11, 4461, 11, 264, 2302, 4503, 868, 1751, 293, 26426, 279, 417, 684, 81, 3774, 13, 51336 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14565311, "compression_ratio": 1.7701149, "no_speech_prob": 0.02758789 }, { "id": 116, "seek": 9082, "start": 662.7122, "end": 665.2722, "text": " It develops into the anterior arch of the bone,", "tokens": [ 51389, 467, 25453, 666, 264, 22272, 3912, 295, 264, 9026, 11, 51517 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14565311, "compression_ratio": 1.7701149, "no_speech_prob": 0.02758789 }, { "id": 117, "seek": 9082, "start": 665.5922, "end": 670.29224, "text": " while the cartilage representing the body of the atlas forms the dens or odontoid process", "tokens": [ 51533, 1339, 264, 5467, 48066, 13460, 264, 1772, 295, 264, 412, 7743, 6422, 264, 24505, 420, 3611, 7556, 327, 1399, 51768 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14565311, "compression_ratio": 1.7701149, "no_speech_prob": 0.02758789 }, { "id": 118, "seek": 11888, "start": 670.29224, "end": 673.17224, "text": " which fuses with the body of the second cervical vertebra.", "tokens": [ 50365, 597, 283, 8355, 365, 264, 1772, 295, 264, 1150, 49883, 16167, 6198, 13, 50509 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 119, "seek": 11888, "start": 674.17224, "end": 678.49225, "text": " The portions of the notochord which are surrounded by the bodies of the vertebrae atrophy", "tokens": [ 50559, 440, 25070, 295, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 597, 366, 13221, 538, 264, 7510, 295, 264, 16167, 6198, 68, 412, 40826, 50775 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 120, "seek": 11888, "start": 678.49225, "end": 680.11224, "text": " and ultimately disappear,", "tokens": [ 50775, 293, 6284, 11596, 11, 50856 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 121, "seek": 11888, "start": 680.69226, "end": 684.7722, "text": " while those which lie in the centres of the intervertebral fibrocartilages undergo enlargement", "tokens": [ 50885, 1339, 729, 597, 4544, 294, 264, 30096, 295, 264, 728, 331, 975, 32728, 13116, 24174, 446, 388, 1660, 26426, 31976, 48122, 51089 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 122, "seek": 11888, "start": 684.7722, "end": 690.1322, "text": " and persist throughout life as the central nucleus pulposus of the fibrocartilages.", "tokens": [ 51089, 293, 13233, 3710, 993, 382, 264, 5777, 28055, 8331, 30010, 301, 295, 264, 13116, 24174, 446, 388, 1660, 13, 51357 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 123, "seek": 11888, "start": 691.5922, "end": 692.57227, "text": " The ribs", "tokens": [ 51430, 440, 21400, 51479 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 124, "seek": 11888, "start": 692.57227, "end": 698.2522, "text": " The ribs are formed from the ventral or costal processes of the primitive vertebral bows,", "tokens": [ 51479, 440, 21400, 366, 8693, 490, 264, 6931, 2155, 420, 2063, 304, 7555, 295, 264, 28540, 16167, 32728, 43158, 11, 51763 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16792113, "compression_ratio": 1.8875, "no_speech_prob": 0.040252686 }, { "id": 125, "seek": 14684, "start": 698.2522, "end": 701.19226, "text": " the process extending between the muscle plates.", "tokens": [ 50365, 264, 1399, 24360, 1296, 264, 8679, 14231, 13, 50512 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 126, "seek": 14684, "start": 702.43225, "end": 704.4722, "text": " In the thoracic region of the vertebral column,", "tokens": [ 50574, 682, 264, 11588, 326, 299, 4458, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 7738, 11, 50676 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 127, "seek": 14684, "start": 704.61224, "end": 708.1522, "text": " the costal processes grow lateralward to form a series of arches,", "tokens": [ 50683, 264, 2063, 304, 7555, 1852, 25128, 1007, 281, 1254, 257, 2638, 295, 594, 3781, 11, 50860 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 128, "seek": 14684, "start": 708.6322, "end": 710.17224, "text": " the primitive costal arches.", "tokens": [ 50884, 264, 28540, 2063, 304, 594, 3781, 13, 50961 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 129, "seek": 14684, "start": 711.0322, "end": 717.23224, "text": " As already described, the transverse process grows out behind the vertebral end of each arch.", "tokens": [ 51004, 1018, 1217, 7619, 11, 264, 1145, 4308, 1399, 13156, 484, 2261, 264, 16167, 32728, 917, 295, 1184, 3912, 13, 51314 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 130, "seek": 14684, "start": 718.11224, "end": 722.0122, "text": " It is at first connected to the costal process by continuous mesoderm,", "tokens": [ 51358, 467, 307, 412, 700, 4582, 281, 264, 2063, 304, 1399, 538, 10957, 3813, 378, 966, 11, 51553 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 131, "seek": 14684, "start": 722.4722, "end": 726.31226, "text": " but this becomes differentiated later to form the costo-transverse ligament", "tokens": [ 51576, 457, 341, 3643, 27372, 770, 1780, 281, 1254, 264, 2063, 78, 12, 24999, 4308, 11742, 2466, 51768 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.14477326, "compression_ratio": 1.8193277, "no_speech_prob": 0.0072364807 }, { "id": 132, "seek": 17490, "start": 726.31226, "end": 732.2122, "text": " Between the costal process and the tip of the transverse process, the costo-transverse joint is formed by absorption.", "tokens": [ 50365, 18967, 264, 2063, 304, 1399, 293, 264, 4125, 295, 264, 1145, 4308, 1399, 11, 264, 2063, 78, 12, 24999, 4308, 7225, 307, 8693, 538, 27557, 13, 50660 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.109768115, "compression_ratio": 2.0798318, "no_speech_prob": 0.026763916 }, { "id": 133, "seek": 17490, "start": 733.11224, "end": 738.7722, "text": " The costal process becomes separated from the vertebral bow by the development of the costo-central joint.", "tokens": [ 50705, 440, 2063, 304, 1399, 3643, 12005, 490, 264, 16167, 32728, 4503, 538, 264, 3250, 295, 264, 2063, 78, 12, 2207, 2155, 7225, 13, 50988 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.109768115, "compression_ratio": 2.0798318, "no_speech_prob": 0.026763916 }, { "id": 134, "seek": 17490, "start": 739.93225, "end": 746.0122, "text": " In the cervical vertebrae, the transverse process forms the posterior boundary of the foramen transversarium,", "tokens": [ 51046, 682, 264, 49883, 16167, 6198, 68, 11, 264, 1145, 4308, 1399, 6422, 264, 33529, 12866, 295, 264, 337, 22403, 1145, 840, 19612, 11, 51350 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.109768115, "compression_ratio": 2.0798318, "no_speech_prob": 0.026763916 }, { "id": 135, "seek": 17490, "start": 746.4922, "end": 751.5722, "text": " while the costal process corresponding to the head and neck of the rib fuses with the body of the vertebra", "tokens": [ 51374, 1339, 264, 2063, 304, 1399, 11760, 281, 264, 1378, 293, 6189, 295, 264, 9162, 283, 8355, 365, 264, 1772, 295, 264, 16167, 6198, 51628 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.109768115, "compression_ratio": 2.0798318, "no_speech_prob": 0.026763916 }, { "id": 136, "seek": 17490, "start": 751.5722, "end": 754.5122, "text": " and forms the anterolateral boundary of the foramen.", "tokens": [ 51628, 293, 6422, 264, 364, 391, 401, 17274, 12866, 295, 264, 337, 22403, 13, 51775 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.109768115, "compression_ratio": 2.0798318, "no_speech_prob": 0.026763916 }, { "id": 137, "seek": 20310, "start": 754.5122, "end": 759.73224, "text": " The distal portions of the primitive costal arches remain undeveloped.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 1483, 304, 25070, 295, 264, 28540, 2063, 304, 594, 3781, 6222, 40981, 1388, 292, 13, 50626 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1451477, "compression_ratio": 1.918552, "no_speech_prob": 0.08874512 }, { "id": 138, "seek": 20310, "start": 760.23224, "end": 764.1322, "text": " Occasionally, the arch of the seventh cervical vertebra undergoes greater development,", "tokens": [ 50651, 26191, 6822, 379, 11, 264, 3912, 295, 264, 17875, 49883, 16167, 6198, 26426, 279, 5044, 3250, 11, 50846 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1451477, "compression_ratio": 1.918552, "no_speech_prob": 0.08874512 }, { "id": 139, "seek": 20310, "start": 764.6922, "end": 769.11224, "text": " and by the formation of costovertebral joints is separated off as a rib.", "tokens": [ 50874, 293, 538, 264, 11723, 295, 2063, 3570, 975, 32728, 19949, 307, 12005, 766, 382, 257, 9162, 13, 51095 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1451477, "compression_ratio": 1.918552, "no_speech_prob": 0.08874512 }, { "id": 140, "seek": 20310, "start": 770.17224, "end": 774.41223, "text": " In the lumbar region, the distal portions of the primitive costal arches fail.", "tokens": [ 51148, 682, 264, 287, 2860, 289, 4458, 11, 264, 1483, 304, 25070, 295, 264, 28540, 2063, 304, 594, 3781, 3061, 13, 51360 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1451477, "compression_ratio": 1.918552, "no_speech_prob": 0.08874512 }, { "id": 141, "seek": 20310, "start": 774.41223, "end": 780.6922, "text": " The proximal portions fuse with the transverse processes to form the transverse processes of descriptive anatomy.", "tokens": [ 51360, 440, 21932, 304, 25070, 31328, 365, 264, 1145, 4308, 7555, 281, 1254, 264, 1145, 4308, 7555, 295, 42585, 31566, 13, 51674 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.1451477, "compression_ratio": 1.918552, "no_speech_prob": 0.08874512 }, { "id": 142, "seek": 22928, "start": 780.69226, "end": 786.49225, "text": " Occasionally, a movable rib is developed in connection with the first lumbar vertebra.", "tokens": [ 50365, 26191, 6822, 379, 11, 257, 2402, 712, 9162, 307, 4743, 294, 4984, 365, 264, 700, 287, 2860, 289, 16167, 6198, 13, 50655 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16999878, "compression_ratio": 1.7819905, "no_speech_prob": 0.057495117 }, { "id": 143, "seek": 22928, "start": 787.3922, "end": 794.2522, "text": " In the sacral region, costal processes are developed only in connection with the upper three, or it may be four, vertebrae,", "tokens": [ 50700, 682, 264, 4899, 2155, 4458, 11, 2063, 304, 7555, 366, 4743, 787, 294, 4984, 365, 264, 6597, 1045, 11, 420, 309, 815, 312, 1451, 11, 16167, 6198, 68, 11, 51043 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16999878, "compression_ratio": 1.7819905, "no_speech_prob": 0.057495117 }, { "id": 144, "seek": 22928, "start": 794.4722, "end": 799.05225, "text": " the processes of adjacent segments fuse with one another to form the lateral part of the sacrum.", "tokens": [ 51054, 264, 7555, 295, 24441, 19904, 31328, 365, 472, 1071, 281, 1254, 264, 25128, 644, 295, 264, 4899, 6247, 13, 51283 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16999878, "compression_ratio": 1.7819905, "no_speech_prob": 0.057495117 }, { "id": 145, "seek": 22928, "start": 799.9722, "end": 803.1322, "text": " The coccygeal vertebrae are devoid of costal processes.", "tokens": [ 51329, 440, 21047, 1344, 432, 304, 16167, 6198, 68, 366, 1905, 17079, 295, 2063, 304, 7555, 13, 51487 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16999878, "compression_ratio": 1.7819905, "no_speech_prob": 0.057495117 }, { "id": 146, "seek": 22928, "start": 804.2722, "end": 805.0122, "text": " The sternum", "tokens": [ 51544, 440, 38312, 449, 51581 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16999878, "compression_ratio": 1.7819905, "no_speech_prob": 0.057495117 }, { "id": 147, "seek": 25360, "start": 805.0122, "end": 811.4722, "text": " The ventral ends of the ribs become united to one another by a longitudinal bar termed the sternal plate,", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 6931, 2155, 5314, 295, 264, 21400, 1813, 18883, 281, 472, 1071, 538, 257, 48250, 2159, 1433, 292, 264, 38312, 304, 5924, 11, 50688 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13848183, "compression_ratio": 1.7740586, "no_speech_prob": 0.02633667 }, { "id": 148, "seek": 25360, "start": 811.9922, "end": 818.5122, "text": " and opposite the first seven pairs of ribs these sternal plates fuse in the middle line to form the manubrium and body of the sternum.", "tokens": [ 50714, 293, 6182, 264, 700, 3407, 15494, 295, 21400, 613, 38312, 304, 14231, 31328, 294, 264, 2808, 1622, 281, 1254, 264, 587, 836, 13015, 293, 1772, 295, 264, 38312, 449, 13, 51040 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13848183, "compression_ratio": 1.7740586, "no_speech_prob": 0.02633667 }, { "id": 149, "seek": 25360, "start": 819.69226, "end": 824.2722, "text": " The xiphoid process is formed by a backward extension of the sternal plates.", "tokens": [ 51099, 440, 2031, 647, 1289, 327, 1399, 307, 8693, 538, 257, 23897, 10320, 295, 264, 38312, 304, 14231, 13, 51328 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13848183, "compression_ratio": 1.7740586, "no_speech_prob": 0.02633667 }, { "id": 150, "seek": 25360, "start": 825.4922, "end": 826.4522, "text": " The skull", "tokens": [ 51389, 440, 11743, 51437 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13848183, "compression_ratio": 1.7740586, "no_speech_prob": 0.02633667 }, { "id": 151, "seek": 25360, "start": 826.4522, "end": 831.7322, "text": " Up to a certain age the development of the skull corresponds with that of the vertebral column,", "tokens": [ 51437, 5858, 281, 257, 1629, 3205, 264, 3250, 295, 264, 11743, 23249, 365, 300, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 7738, 11, 51701 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.13848183, "compression_ratio": 1.7740586, "no_speech_prob": 0.02633667 }, { "id": 152, "seek": 28032, "start": 831.7322, "end": 836.1122, "text": " but it is modified later in association with the expansion of the brain vesicles,", "tokens": [ 50365, 457, 309, 307, 15873, 1780, 294, 14598, 365, 264, 11260, 295, 264, 3567, 28274, 5350, 11, 50584 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15188427, "compression_ratio": 1.5872093, "no_speech_prob": 0.093811035 }, { "id": 153, "seek": 837, "start": 836.7522, "end": 849.3984, "text": " the formation of the organs of smell sight and hearing and the development of the mouth and pharynx The notochord extends as far forward as the anterior end of the midbrain and becomes partly surrounded by mesoderm", "tokens": [ 50616, 264, 11723, 295, 264, 20659, 295, 4316, 11, 7860, 293, 4763, 11, 50739, 50760, 293, 264, 3250, 295, 264, 4525, 293, 903, 39008, 87, 13, 50872, 50917, 440, 406, 8997, 765, 26448, 382, 1400, 2128, 382, 264, 22272, 917, 295, 264, 2062, 6198, 259, 11, 293, 3643, 50851, 50851, 17031, 13221, 538, 3813, 378, 966, 13, 50937 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.097214594, "compression_ratio": 1.8505747, "no_speech_prob": 0.090026855 }, { "id": 154, "seek": 837, "start": 850.07837, "end": 855.4184, "text": " The posterior part of this mesodermal investment corresponds with the basilar part of the occipital", "tokens": [ 50971, 440, 33529, 644, 295, 341, 3813, 378, 966, 304, 6078, 23249, 365, 264, 987, 2202, 644, 295, 264, 10409, 11371, 1686, 51238 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.097214594, "compression_ratio": 1.8505747, "no_speech_prob": 0.090026855 }, { "id": 155, "seek": 837, "start": 855.4184, "end": 861.4784, "text": " bone, and shows a subdivision into four segments, which are separated by the roots of the hypoglossal", "tokens": [ 51238, 9026, 11, 293, 3110, 257, 45331, 1991, 666, 1451, 19904, 11, 597, 366, 12005, 538, 264, 10669, 295, 264, 7420, 664, 75, 772, 304, 51541 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.097214594, "compression_ratio": 1.8505747, "no_speech_prob": 0.090026855 }, { "id": 156, "seek": 837, "start": 861.4784, "end": 861.87836, "text": " nerve.", "tokens": [ 51541, 16355, 13, 51561 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.097214594, "compression_ratio": 1.8505747, "no_speech_prob": 0.090026855 }, { "id": 157, "seek": 837, "start": 862.5184, "end": 867.93835, "text": " The mesoderm then extends over the brain vesicles, and thus the entire brain is enclosed by", "tokens": [ 51593, 440, 3813, 378, 966, 550, 26448, 670, 264, 3567, 28274, 5350, 11, 293, 8807, 264, 2302, 3567, 307, 42089, 538, 51864 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.097214594, "compression_ratio": 1.8505747, "no_speech_prob": 0.090026855 }, { "id": 158, "seek": 3835, "start": 867.93835, "end": 873.9584, "text": " mesodermal investment, which is termed the membraneous cranium. From the inner layer of", "tokens": [ 50365, 3813, 378, 966, 304, 6078, 11, 597, 307, 1433, 292, 264, 15595, 15447, 941, 21528, 13, 3358, 264, 7284, 4583, 295, 50666 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.073705696, "compression_ratio": 1.8785425, "no_speech_prob": 0.04333496 }, { "id": 159, "seek": 3835, "start": 873.9584, "end": 878.99835, "text": " this, the bones of the skull and the membranes of the brain are developed. From the outer layer,", "tokens": [ 50666, 341, 11, 264, 10491, 295, 264, 11743, 293, 264, 15595, 12779, 295, 264, 3567, 366, 4743, 13, 3358, 264, 10847, 4583, 11, 50918 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.073705696, "compression_ratio": 1.8785425, "no_speech_prob": 0.04333496 }, { "id": 160, "seek": 3835, "start": 879.0984, "end": 885.67834, "text": " the muscles, blood vessels, true skin, and subcutaneous tissues of the scalp. In the shark", "tokens": [ 50923, 264, 9530, 11, 3390, 20117, 11, 2074, 3178, 11, 293, 1422, 6672, 15447, 27353, 295, 264, 31972, 13, 682, 264, 13327, 51252 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.073705696, "compression_ratio": 1.8785425, "no_speech_prob": 0.04333496 }, { "id": 161, "seek": 3835, "start": 885.67834, "end": 891.3584, "text": " and dogfish, this membranous cranium undergoes complete chondrification and forms the cartilaginous", "tokens": [ 51252, 293, 3000, 11608, 11, 341, 15595, 282, 563, 941, 21528, 26426, 279, 3566, 417, 684, 81, 3774, 293, 6422, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 51536 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.073705696, "compression_ratio": 1.8785425, "no_speech_prob": 0.04333496 }, { "id": 162, "seek": 3835, "start": 891.3584, "end": 897.3384, "text": " skull or chondrocranium of these animals. In mammals, on the other hand, the process of", "tokens": [ 51536, 11743, 420, 417, 684, 340, 66, 4257, 2197, 295, 613, 4882, 13, 682, 35408, 11, 322, 264, 661, 1011, 11, 264, 1399, 295, 51835 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.073705696, "compression_ratio": 1.8785425, "no_speech_prob": 0.04333496 }, { "id": 163, "seek": 6775, "start": 897.3384, "end": 903.61835, "text": " chondrification is limited to the base of the skull, the roof and sides being covered in by membrane.", "tokens": [ 50365, 417, 684, 81, 3774, 307, 5567, 281, 264, 3096, 295, 264, 11743, 11, 264, 8418, 293, 4881, 885, 5343, 294, 538, 19651, 13, 50679 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.062158804, "compression_ratio": 2.0251045, "no_speech_prob": 0.056640625 }, { "id": 164, "seek": 6775, "start": 904.6584, "end": 909.4584, "text": " Thus the bones of the base of the skull are preceded by cartilage, those of the roof and", "tokens": [ 50731, 13827, 264, 10491, 295, 264, 3096, 295, 264, 11743, 366, 16969, 292, 538, 5467, 48066, 11, 729, 295, 264, 8418, 293, 50971 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.062158804, "compression_ratio": 2.0251045, "no_speech_prob": 0.056640625 }, { "id": 165, "seek": 6775, "start": 909.4584, "end": 914.9584, "text": " sides by membrane. The posterior part of the base of the skull is developed around the notochord", "tokens": [ 50971, 4881, 538, 19651, 13, 440, 33529, 644, 295, 264, 3096, 295, 264, 11743, 307, 4743, 926, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 51246 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.062158804, "compression_ratio": 2.0251045, "no_speech_prob": 0.056640625 }, { "id": 166, "seek": 6775, "start": 914.9584, "end": 920.49835, "text": " and exhibits a segmented condition analogous to that of the vertebral column, while the anterior", "tokens": [ 51246, 293, 39205, 257, 9469, 292, 4188, 16660, 563, 281, 300, 295, 264, 16167, 32728, 7738, 11, 1339, 264, 22272, 51523 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.062158804, "compression_ratio": 2.0251045, "no_speech_prob": 0.056640625 }, { "id": 167, "seek": 6775, "start": 920.49835, "end": 926.3584, "text": " part arises in front of the notochord and shows no regular segmentation. The base of the skull may", "tokens": [ 51523, 644, 27388, 294, 1868, 295, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 293, 3110, 572, 3890, 9469, 399, 13, 440, 3096, 295, 264, 11743, 815, 51816 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.062158804, "compression_ratio": 2.0251045, "no_speech_prob": 0.056640625 }, { "id": 168, "seek": 9677, "start": 926.3584, "end": 933.1584, "text": " therefore be divided into a. a caudal or vertebral and b. a precaudal or prevertebral portion.", "tokens": [ 50365, 4412, 312, 6666, 666, 257, 13, 257, 1335, 532, 304, 420, 16167, 32728, 293, 272, 13, 257, 4346, 3751, 304, 420, 659, 331, 975, 32728, 8044, 13, 50705 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11731496, "compression_ratio": 1.8939394, "no_speech_prob": 0.05105591 }, { "id": 169, "seek": 9677, "start": 934.3384, "end": 940.55835, "text": " In the lower vertebrates two pairs of cartilages are developed, viz. a pair of paracordal cartilages,", "tokens": [ 50764, 682, 264, 3126, 16167, 1443, 1024, 732, 15494, 295, 5467, 388, 1660, 366, 4743, 11, 371, 590, 13, 257, 6119, 295, 971, 326, 765, 304, 5467, 388, 1660, 11, 51075 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11731496, "compression_ratio": 1.8939394, "no_speech_prob": 0.05105591 }, { "id": 170, "seek": 9677, "start": 940.9584, "end": 946.6584, "text": " one on either side of the notochord, and a pair of precordal cartilages, the trabeculi cranii,", "tokens": [ 51095, 472, 322, 2139, 1252, 295, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 11, 293, 257, 6119, 295, 4346, 765, 304, 5467, 388, 1660, 11, 264, 944, 650, 2444, 72, 941, 3782, 72, 11, 51380 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11731496, "compression_ratio": 1.8939394, "no_speech_prob": 0.05105591 }, { "id": 171, "seek": 9677, "start": 946.9184, "end": 953.17834, "text": " in front of the notochord. The paracordal cartilages unite to form a basilar plate", "tokens": [ 51393, 294, 1868, 295, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 13, 440, 971, 326, 765, 304, 5467, 388, 1660, 29320, 281, 1254, 257, 987, 2202, 5924, 51706 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11731496, "compression_ratio": 1.8939394, "no_speech_prob": 0.05105591 }, { "id": 172, "seek": 12359, "start": 953.17834, "end": 957.7384, "text": " from which the cartilaginous part of the occipital bone and the bassus phenoid are developed.", "tokens": [ 50365, 490, 597, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 644, 295, 264, 10409, 11371, 1686, 9026, 293, 264, 10136, 301, 903, 5808, 327, 366, 4743, 13, 50593 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11437146, "compression_ratio": 1.9020408, "no_speech_prob": 0.03567505 }, { "id": 173, "seek": 12359, "start": 958.8384, "end": 963.13837, "text": " On the lateral aspects of the paracordal cartilages the auditory vesicles are situated", "tokens": [ 50648, 1282, 264, 25128, 7270, 295, 264, 971, 326, 765, 304, 5467, 388, 1660, 264, 17748, 827, 28274, 5350, 366, 30143, 50863 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11437146, "compression_ratio": 1.9020408, "no_speech_prob": 0.03567505 }, { "id": 174, "seek": 12359, "start": 963.13837, "end": 969.5184, "text": " and the mesoderm enclosing them is soon converted into cartilage, forming the cartilaginous ear capsules.", "tokens": [ 50863, 293, 264, 3813, 378, 966, 20987, 6110, 552, 307, 2321, 16424, 666, 5467, 48066, 11, 15745, 264, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 1273, 13855, 3473, 13, 51182 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11437146, "compression_ratio": 1.9020408, "no_speech_prob": 0.03567505 }, { "id": 175, "seek": 12359, "start": 970.49835, "end": 976.7384, "text": " These cartilaginous ear capsules, which are of an oval shape, fuse with the sides of the basilar plate", "tokens": [ 51231, 1981, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 1273, 13855, 3473, 11, 597, 366, 295, 364, 37175, 3909, 11, 31328, 365, 264, 4881, 295, 264, 987, 2202, 5924, 51543 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11437146, "compression_ratio": 1.9020408, "no_speech_prob": 0.03567505 }, { "id": 176, "seek": 12359, "start": 976.7384, "end": 981.1184, "text": " and from them arise the petrous and mastoid portions of the temporal bones.", "tokens": [ 51543, 293, 490, 552, 20288, 264, 3817, 21189, 293, 27055, 17079, 25070, 295, 264, 30881, 10491, 13, 51762 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.11437146, "compression_ratio": 1.9020408, "no_speech_prob": 0.03567505 }, { "id": 177, "seek": 15153, "start": 981.1184, "end": 988.3584, "text": " The trabeculi cranii are two curved bars of cartilage which embrace the hypophysis cerebri.", "tokens": [ 50365, 440, 944, 650, 2444, 72, 941, 3782, 72, 366, 732, 24991, 10228, 295, 5467, 48066, 597, 14038, 264, 7420, 5317, 4642, 11643, 65, 470, 13, 50727 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16362806, "compression_ratio": 1.7407408, "no_speech_prob": 0.11425781 }, { "id": 178, "seek": 15153, "start": 989.4784, "end": 995.81836, "text": " Their posterior ends soon unite with the basilar plate, while their anterior ends join to form the ethmoidal plate,", "tokens": [ 50783, 6710, 33529, 5314, 2321, 29320, 365, 264, 987, 2202, 5924, 11, 1339, 641, 22272, 5314, 3917, 281, 1254, 264, 6468, 3280, 22151, 5924, 11, 51100 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16362806, "compression_ratio": 1.7407408, "no_speech_prob": 0.11425781 }, { "id": 179, "seek": 15153, "start": 995.81836, "end": 999.8584, "text": " which extends forwards between the forebrain and the olfactory pits.", "tokens": [ 51100, 597, 26448, 30126, 1296, 264, 2091, 6198, 259, 293, 264, 2545, 69, 21840, 40312, 13, 51302 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16362806, "compression_ratio": 1.7407408, "no_speech_prob": 0.11425781 }, { "id": 180, "seek": 15153, "start": 1001.87836, "end": 1007.7184, "text": " Later the trabeculi meet and fuse below the hypophysis, forming the floor of the fossa hypophysios", "tokens": [ 51403, 11965, 264, 944, 650, 2444, 72, 1677, 293, 31328, 2507, 264, 7420, 5317, 4642, 11, 15745, 264, 4123, 295, 264, 283, 9978, 7420, 5317, 749, 2717, 51695 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16362806, "compression_ratio": 1.7407408, "no_speech_prob": 0.11425781 }, { "id": 181, "seek": 17813, "start": 1007.7184, "end": 1011.7184, "text": " and so cutting off the anterior lobe of the hyperfaces from the stomodium.", "tokens": [ 50365, 293, 370, 6492, 766, 264, 22272, 450, 650, 295, 264, 9848, 69, 2116, 490, 264, 9036, 378, 2197, 13, 50565 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16277128, "compression_ratio": 1.8526785, "no_speech_prob": 0.05407715 }, { "id": 182, "seek": 17813, "start": 1012.5184, "end": 1017.81836, "text": " The median part of the ethmoidal plate forms the bony and cartilaginous parts of the nasal septum.", "tokens": [ 50605, 440, 26779, 644, 295, 264, 6468, 3280, 22151, 5924, 6422, 264, 272, 2526, 293, 5467, 388, 559, 259, 563, 3166, 295, 264, 41575, 23891, 449, 13, 50870 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16277128, "compression_ratio": 1.8526785, "no_speech_prob": 0.05407715 }, { "id": 183, "seek": 17813, "start": 1018.67834, "end": 1023.31836, "text": " From the lateral margins of the trabeculae cranii, three processes grow out on either side.", "tokens": [ 50913, 3358, 264, 25128, 30317, 295, 264, 944, 650, 2444, 8346, 941, 3782, 72, 11, 1045, 7555, 1852, 484, 322, 2139, 1252, 13, 51145 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16277128, "compression_ratio": 1.8526785, "no_speech_prob": 0.05407715 }, { "id": 184, "seek": 17813, "start": 1023.8984, "end": 1029.1583, "text": " The anterior forms the ethmoidal labyrinth and the lateral and alar cartilages of the nose.", "tokens": [ 51174, 440, 22272, 6422, 264, 6468, 3280, 22151, 287, 46800, 392, 293, 264, 25128, 293, 27597, 5467, 388, 1660, 295, 264, 6690, 13, 51437 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16277128, "compression_ratio": 1.8526785, "no_speech_prob": 0.05407715 }, { "id": 185, "seek": 17813, "start": 1029.9384, "end": 1033.3784, "text": " The middle gives rise to the small wing of the sphenoid,", "tokens": [ 51476, 440, 2808, 2709, 6272, 281, 264, 1359, 11162, 295, 264, 637, 2932, 17079, 11, 51648 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.16277128, "compression_ratio": 1.8526785, "no_speech_prob": 0.05407715 }, { "id": 186, "seek": 20379, "start": 1033.3784, "end": 1038.2184, "text": " while from the posterior the great wing and lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid are developed.", "tokens": [ 50365, 1339, 490, 264, 33529, 264, 869, 11162, 293, 25128, 280, 12733, 1571, 327, 5924, 295, 264, 637, 2932, 17079, 366, 4743, 13, 50607 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.100592986, "compression_ratio": 1.9521912, "no_speech_prob": 0.030685425 }, { "id": 187, "seek": 20379, "start": 1039.1783, "end": 1044.2584, "text": " The bones of the vault are of membranous formation and are termed dermal or covering bones.", "tokens": [ 50655, 440, 10491, 295, 264, 27134, 366, 295, 15595, 282, 563, 11723, 293, 366, 1433, 292, 33080, 304, 420, 10322, 10491, 13, 50909 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.100592986, "compression_ratio": 1.9521912, "no_speech_prob": 0.030685425 }, { "id": 188, "seek": 20379, "start": 1045.1583, "end": 1048.0784, "text": " They are partly developed from the mesoderm of the membranous cranium", "tokens": [ 50954, 814, 366, 17031, 4743, 490, 264, 3813, 378, 966, 295, 264, 15595, 282, 563, 941, 21528, 51100 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.100592986, "compression_ratio": 1.9521912, "no_speech_prob": 0.030685425 }, { "id": 189, "seek": 20379, "start": 1048.0784, "end": 1052.0383, "text": " and partly from that which lies outside the entoderm of the foregut.", "tokens": [ 51100, 293, 17031, 490, 300, 597, 9134, 2380, 264, 948, 378, 966, 295, 264, 2091, 70, 325, 13, 51298 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.100592986, "compression_ratio": 1.9521912, "no_speech_prob": 0.030685425 }, { "id": 190, "seek": 20379, "start": 1052.5383, "end": 1056.2384, "text": " They comprise the upper part of the occipital squamous, interparietal,", "tokens": [ 51323, 814, 16802, 908, 264, 6597, 644, 295, 264, 10409, 11371, 1686, 2339, 22314, 11, 728, 2181, 1684, 304, 11, 51508 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.100592986, "compression_ratio": 1.9521912, "no_speech_prob": 0.030685425 }, { "id": 191, "seek": 20379, "start": 1056.6184, "end": 1061.8384, "text": " the squamous and tympanic parts of the temporals, the parietals, the frontal, the vomer,", "tokens": [ 51527, 264, 2339, 22314, 293, 1104, 2455, 30732, 3166, 295, 264, 8219, 1124, 11, 264, 971, 1684, 1124, 11, 264, 34647, 11, 264, 10135, 260, 11, 51788 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.100592986, "compression_ratio": 1.9521912, "no_speech_prob": 0.030685425 }, { "id": 192, "seek": 23225, "start": 1061.8384, "end": 1064.8384, "text": " the medial pterygoid plates and the bones of the face.", "tokens": [ 50365, 264, 1205, 831, 280, 12733, 1571, 327, 14231, 293, 264, 10491, 295, 264, 1851, 13, 50515 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 193, "seek": 23225, "start": 1065.7983, "end": 1069.4183, "text": " Some of them remain distinct throughout life, e.g. parietal and frontal,", "tokens": [ 50563, 2188, 295, 552, 6222, 10644, 3710, 993, 11, 308, 13, 70, 13, 971, 1684, 304, 293, 34647, 11, 50744 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 194, "seek": 23225, "start": 1069.8584, "end": 1074.2783, "text": " while others join with the bones of the chondrocranium, e.g. interparietal,", "tokens": [ 50766, 1339, 2357, 3917, 365, 264, 10491, 295, 264, 417, 684, 340, 66, 4257, 2197, 11, 308, 13, 70, 13, 728, 2181, 1684, 304, 11, 50987 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 195, "seek": 23225, "start": 1074.6384, "end": 1077.7384, "text": " scrum eye of the temporals and medial pterygoid plates.", "tokens": [ 51005, 5918, 449, 3313, 295, 264, 8219, 1124, 293, 1205, 831, 280, 12733, 1571, 327, 14231, 13, 51160 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 196, "seek": 23225, "start": 1078.6184, "end": 1082.8384, "text": " Recent observations have shown that, in mammals, the bassocranial cartilage,", "tokens": [ 51204, 17553, 18163, 362, 4898, 300, 11, 294, 35408, 11, 264, 987, 539, 66, 4257, 831, 5467, 48066, 11, 51415 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 197, "seek": 23225, "start": 1083.8384, "end": 1087.0183, "text": " both in the caudal and precordal regions of the base of the skull,", "tokens": [ 51465, 1293, 294, 264, 1335, 532, 304, 293, 4346, 765, 304, 10682, 295, 264, 3096, 295, 264, 11743, 11, 51624 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 198, "seek": 23225, "start": 1087.3983, "end": 1090.6783, "text": " is developed as a single plate which extends from behind forward.", "tokens": [ 51643, 307, 4743, 382, 257, 2167, 5924, 597, 26448, 490, 2261, 2128, 13, 51807 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15297198, "compression_ratio": 1.7938931, "no_speech_prob": 0.033569336 }, { "id": 199, "seek": 26109, "start": 1090.6783, "end": 1095.9584, "text": " In man, however, its posterior part shows an indication of being developed from two", "tokens": [ 50365, 682, 587, 11, 4461, 11, 1080, 33529, 644, 3110, 364, 18877, 295, 885, 4743, 490, 732, 50629 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15255734, "compression_ratio": 1.6858407, "no_speech_prob": 0.016403198 }, { "id": 200, "seek": 26109, "start": 1095.9584, "end": 1099.5383, "text": " contifying centres which fuse rapidly in front and below.", "tokens": [ 50629, 660, 5489, 30096, 597, 31328, 12910, 294, 1868, 293, 2507, 13, 50808 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15255734, "compression_ratio": 1.6858407, "no_speech_prob": 0.016403198 }, { "id": 201, "seek": 26109, "start": 1100.7583, "end": 1106.5984, "text": " The anterior and posterior thirds of the cartilage surround the notochord, but its middle third", "tokens": [ 50869, 440, 22272, 293, 33529, 34552, 295, 264, 5467, 48066, 6262, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 11, 457, 1080, 2808, 2636, 51161 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15255734, "compression_ratio": 1.6858407, "no_speech_prob": 0.016403198 }, { "id": 202, "seek": 26109, "start": 1106.5984, "end": 1111.2583, "text": " lies on the dorsal aspect of the notochord, which in this region is placed between the", "tokens": [ 51161, 9134, 322, 264, 274, 830, 304, 4171, 295, 264, 406, 8997, 765, 11, 597, 294, 341, 4458, 307, 7074, 1296, 264, 51394 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15255734, "compression_ratio": 1.6858407, "no_speech_prob": 0.016403198 }, { "id": 203, "seek": 26109, "start": 1111.2583, "end": 1113.1783, "text": " cartilage and the wall of the pharynx.", "tokens": [ 51394, 5467, 48066, 293, 264, 2929, 295, 264, 903, 39008, 87, 13, 51490 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15255734, "compression_ratio": 1.6858407, "no_speech_prob": 0.016403198 }, { "id": 204, "seek": 26109, "start": 1114.0583, "end": 1115.5984, "text": " End of section 9", "tokens": [ 51534, 6967, 295, 3541, 1722, 51611 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.15255734, "compression_ratio": 1.6858407, "no_speech_prob": 0.016403198 }, { "id": 205, "seek": 29109, "start": 1120.6783, "end": 1123.6584, "text": " I don't know.", "tokens": [ 50365, 286, 500, 380, 458, 13, 50514 ], "temperature": 0, "avg_logprob": -0.7835578, "compression_ratio": 0.6363636, "no_speech_prob": 0.2685547 } ], "x_groq": { "id": "req_01kz5j36eqe849qaaypea61pag" } }